HIGHER-ORDER THINKING SKILLS OF SIXTH-GRADE STUDENTS IN WEST JAVA: EVIDENCE FROM CASE-BASED C4–C6 ASSESSMENT

Muhammad Irfan Adriansyah, Yunus Abidin, Dinie Anggraeni Dewi

Abstract


This study was motivated by the low level of Higher Order Thinking Skills (HOTS) among elementary school students, particularly at the evaluation (C5) and creation (C6) levels, which have not been optimally developed in learning practices. This study aims to conduct an in-depth analysis of students’ HOTS profiles through the application of case-based assessment. The method used is quantitative descriptive analysis combined with qualitative analysis of student responses. The study participants consisted of 23 sixth-grade students selected using saturation sampling. Data were collected using a case-based assessment instrument to measure students’ analytical (C4), evaluation (C5), and creative (C6) skills, and were then analyzed using descriptive statistics and the Friedman test. The results showed that students’ analytical skills fell into the moderate category, while their evaluation and creative skills were predominantly in the low category. No students achieved the high category in either evaluation or creative skills. These findings indicate that case-based assessment can comprehensively reveal students’ HOTS profiles; however, their evaluation and creation skills have not yet developed optimally. Therefore, it is necessary to strengthen authentic learning and assessment that can consistently and continuously develop students’ evaluation and creation skills.

Keywords


HOTS; Assessment; Elementary School

Full Text:

PDF

References


Agustina, D., Sutini, A., Abidin, Y., Dewi, D. A., & Utami, N. A. B. (2025). Usability assessment of a HOTS evaluation tool in Pancasila-based citizenship education. Jurnal Kependidikan: Penelitian Inovasi Pembelajaran, 1–11. https://doi.org/10.21831/jk.v9i1.84815

Anderson, L. W., & Krathwohl, D. R. (2001). A taxonomy for learning, teaching, and assessing: A revision of Bloom’s taxonomy of educational objectives. Addison Wesley Longman.

Andrade, H. L. (2019). A critical review of research on student self-assessment. Frontiers in Education, 4, 87. https://doi.org/10.3389/feduc.2019.00087

Aryadi, K. S., & Margunayasa, I. G. (2022). Instrumen penilaian higher order thinking skills (HOTS) pada pembelajaran IPA. Indonesian Journal of Instruction, 3(1), 34–41. https://doi.org/10.23887/iji.v3i1.44761

Brookhart, S. M. (2010). How to assess higher-order thinking skills in your classroom. ASCD.

Creswell, J. W., & Plano Clark, V. L. (2017). Designing and conducting mixed methods research. Sage Publications.

Creswell, J. W., & Creswell, J. D. (2017). Research design: Qualitative, quantitative, and mixed methods approaches. Sage Publications.

Darling-Hammond, L., Flook, L., Cook-Harvey, C., Barron, B., & Osher, D. (2020). Implications for educational practice of the science of learning and development. Applied Developmental Science, 24(2), 97–140. https://doi.org/10.1080/10888691.2018.1537791

Field, A. (2024). Discovering statistics using IBM SPSS statistics. Sage Publications.

Gradini, E., Noviani, J., & Samsudin, S. S. (2025). Through the teacher’s lens: Perspectives on integrating higher-order thinking skills into mathematics instruction. JTAM (Jurnal Teori dan Aplikasi Matematika), 9(2), 659–673. https://doi.org/10.31764/jtam.v9i2.30074

Handayani, N., Aw, S., Zamroni, M. I., Setiawan, J., & Fadli, M. R. (2024). Development of higher order thinking skill assessment instruments in social studies learning. International Journal of Evaluation and Research in Education (IJERE), 13(2), 923-933. http://doi.org/10.11591/ijere.v13i2.26448

Kania, N., & Kusumah, Y. S. (2025). The measurement of higher-order thinking skills: A systematic literature review. Malaysian Journal of Learning and Instruction, 22(1), 97–116. https://eric.ed.gov/?id=EJ1462529

Kemendikbudristek. (2022). Kurikulum Merdeka sebagai wujud transformasi pendidikan Indonesia. Kementerian Pendidikan, Kebudayaan, Riset, dan Teknologi.

Nicol, D. (2021). The power of internal feedback: Exploiting natural comparison processes. Assessment & Evaluation in Higher Education, 46(5), 756–778. https://doi.org/10.1080/02602938.2020.1823314

Novita, L., Windiyani, T., Sukmanasa, E., & Utari, R. L. (2023). Higher order thinking skills in evaluation of IV grade thematic materials in elementary schools. Jurnal Ilmiah Sekolah Dasar, 7(3), 498–507. https://doi.org/10.23887/jisd.v7i3.57003

Pallant, J. (2020). SPSS survival manual: A step by step guide to data analysis using IBM SPSS. McGraw-Hill Education.

Park, J. H., Li, Y., & Niu, W. (2023). Revisiting creativity and critical thinking through content analysis. Journal of Creativity, 33(2), 100056. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.yjoc.2023.100056

Rahayu, W. I., Yuhana, Y., & Dewi, R. S. (2023). The Development of" HOTS" Assessment Instruments in Enhanced Students' Understanding of Elementary School Science Subjects. Jurnal Penelitian Pendidikan IPA, 9(6), 4089-4095. 10.29303/jppipa.v9i6.3723

Razali, N. M., & Wah, Y. B. (2011). Power comparisons of Shapiro-Wilk, Kolmogorov-Smirnov, Lilliefors, and Anderson-Darling tests. Journal of Statistical Modeling and Analytics, 2(1), 21–33. https://www.nbi.dk/~petersen/Teaching/Stat2017/Power_Comparisons_of_Shapiro-Wilk_Kolmogorov-Smirn.pdf

Resnick, M. S. (2023). Teachers’ presentation of higher-order thinking questions and student engagement: Missing out on HOT opportunities. Thinking Skills and Creativity, 50, 101412. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tsc.2023.101412

Santos-Meneses, L. F., & Drugova, E. A. (2023). Trends in critical thinking instruction in 21st-century research and practice: Upgrading instruction in digital environments. Thinking Skills and Creativity, 49, 101383. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tsc.2023.101383

Shalikhah, N. D., & Nugroho, I. (2023). Implementation of higher-order thinking skills in elementary school using learning model, media, and assessment. AL-ISHLAH: Jurnal Pendidikan, 15(3), 3978-3990. https://doi.org/10.35445/alishlah.v15i3.3091

Tai, J., Ajjawi, R., Boud, D., Dawson, P., & Panadero, E. (2018). Developing evaluative judgement: Enabling students to make decisions about the quality of work. Higher Education, 76(3), 467–481. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10734-017-0220-3

UNESCO. (2021). Reimagining our futures together: A new social contract for education. UNESCO.

Yuparing, F. R., Wiyono, B. B., & Sutadji, E. (2023). Pengembangan instrumen asesmen higher order thinking skills (HOTS) pada mata pelajaran matematika kelas IV sekolah dasar. Jurnal Pendidikan Indonesia, 4(4), 311–323. https://doi.org/10.59141/japendi.v4i04.1703




DOI: https://doi.org/10.29100/eduproxima.v8i3.10961

Refbacks

  • There are currently no refbacks.